The Large Igneous Province (LIP) Record of Russia Through Time: Preliminary Summary
R. E. Ernst (1,2), K. L. Buchan (3), D. P. Gladkochub (4) V. N. Puchkov (5,6), S. B. Botsyun (7), I. F. Gertner (2)
1 Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Richard.Ernst@ErnstGeosciences.com
2 Faculty of Geology and Geography, Tomsk State University, Russia
3 Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
4 Institute of the Earth’s Crust, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
5 Institute of Geology and Geochemistry, Uralian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Ekaterinburg
6 Institute of Geology, Ufimian Federal Research Centre, Russian Academy of Science, Ufa, Russia
7 Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
From: Ernst et al. (2018) In Symposium Volume for 10th All-Russia with International Participation Conference on Petrology of Magmatic and Metamorphic Complexes (Nov 27-Dec 1, 2018, Tomsk, Russia)
Introduction to Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
The precise definition of a LIP has varied with time, but generally emphasizes a huge volume of intraplate mafic magma emplaced in a short period (e.g. review in Ernst 2014). The following version is modified after Ernst (2014) and Ernst and Youbi (2017). LIPs represent large volume (>0.1 Mkm3; frequently above 1 Mkm3), mainly mafic (-ultramafic) magmatic events of intraplate affinity (based on tectonic setting and/or geochemistry) that occur in both continental and oceanic settings, and are typically either of short duration (<5 Ma) or consist of multiple short pulses over a maximum of a few 10s of Ma. LIPs consist of volcanic packages (flood basalts) and a plumbing system of regional dyke swarms (linear, radiating and a newly identified circumferential type), sill complexes, layered mafic-ultramafic (M-UM) intrusions, and crustal magmatic underplates. Continental LIPs can also be associated with major silicic magmatic events termed Silicic LIPs (SLIPs), as well as carbonatites and kimberlites. LIP events occur at variable rates through time. Since 2500 Ma, there has been an average of one LIP event every 20–30 Ma. The rate of LIP occurrences in the Archean, however, is less certain due to poorer preservation.
LIPs have been the focus of a significant amount of recent research, given their growing importance in constraining paleocontinental reconstructions (Ernst et al. 2013), as a tool in exploration targeting (e.g. Ernst and Jowitt 2013), as analogues for voluminous planetary intraplate magmatism (e.g. Head and Coffin 1997; Ernst 2014), and for their causal role in dramatic climate change throughout Earth history (Ernst and Youbi 2017; Bond and Grasby 2017).
Here we provide a brief summary of LIP events (and possible LIP events) of Russia. A number of more speculative LIP events have not been included. Note that in this compilation we only consider events that are dominantly mafic (cf. definition of LIPs above) and do not discuss the related Silicic LIP (SLIP) events that are also important in Russia (e.g. Kravchinsky 2012; Yarmolyuk et al. 2014). Pre-Mesozoic oceanic plateaus are likely present as fragments in orogenic belts (e.g. in central Asia, Safonova 2009), but have not been listed below. “Dykes” and “sills” mentioned below are mafic and “layered intrusions” are mafic-ultramafic unless otherwise noted.
Figure 1: Map of Russia with approximate locations of the LIPs listed below.
Preliminary Survey of the Russian LIP Record
Numbers are linked to locations in Figure 1.
Archean LIPs
The Russian LIP record continues into the Archean (e.g. Ernst and Buchan 2001), but is not well constrained and is not included in this overview.
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